Class 10 Geography · Chapter 7 NotesLifelines of National Economy

Goods and services are produced in one place and consumed in another, so they must be moved from supply locations to demand locations. This movement requires transport, and traders facilitate it. Movement can take place over land, water and air, so transport is classified into land, water and air transport. Communication systems allow information to travel without the physical movement of the sender or receiver. Trade is the exchange of goods among people, states and countries. Transport, communication and trade are complementary to each other. Together they link production with consumption, connect distant regions, and support socio-economic progress. India, despite its vast size, diversity and linguistic plurality, is well-linked with the rest of the world through railways, airways, waterways, newspapers, radio, television, cinema and the internet.

• Transportmovement of goods and services from supply locations to demand locations
• Communicationexchange of information without physical movement of communicator or receiver
• Tradeexchange of goods among people, states and countries
• Transport is classified into land, water and air transport based on the domain used

India has the second largest road network in the world, aggregating to about 62.16 lakh km in 2020-21. Roadways preceded railways in India and still have an edge because they are easier and cheaper to build and maintain. Roads can traverse dissected and undulating topography, negotiate higher gradients of slopes, and cross mountains such as the Himalayas. Road transport is economical for moving few persons and smaller amounts of goods over short distances, and it provides door-to-door service, reducing loading and unloading costs. Roads also act as feeders to other modes of transport by linking railway stations, air and sea ports. Roads are classified into six classes according to their capacity: Golden Quadrilateral Super Highways, National Highways, State Highways, District Roads, Other Roads and Border Roads. On the basis of material used, roads are metalled (all weather) or unmetalled (unusable in the rainy season).

• Golden Quadrilateral Super Highwayslink Delhi-Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai-Delhi by six-lane super highways; implemented by NHAI
• North-South CorridorSrinagar to Kanniyakumari; East-West Corridor: Silchar to Porbandar
• National Highwaysprimary road systems linking extreme parts of the country
• State Highwayslink a state capital with different district headquarters
• District Roadsconnect district headquarters with other places of the district
• Other Roadsrural roads linking villages with towns; special impetus under Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana
• Border Roadsconstructed and maintained by Border Roads Organisation (established 1960) in bordering areas

Railways are the principal mode of transportation for freight and passengers in India. They enable people to conduct multifarious activities such as business, sightseeing and pilgrimage, along with transportation of goods over longer distances. The Indian Railways is the largest public sector undertaking in the country. The first train steamed off from Mumbai to Thane in 1853, covering a distance of 34 km. The Indian Railway is now reorganised into 17 zones. The distribution pattern of the railway network has been largely influenced by physiographic, economic and administrative factors. The northern plains, with vast level land, high population density and rich agricultural resources, provided the most favourable conditions for their growth. However, a large number of rivers requiring construction of bridges across their wide beds posed obstacles. Railway tracks in the peninsular region are laid through low hills, gaps or tunnels. The Himalayan mountainous regions are unfavourable due to high relief, sparse population and lack of economic opportunities. It was also difficult to lay railway lines on the sandy plain of western Rajasthan, swamps of Gujarat, and forested tracks of Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Odisha and Jharkhand. The contiguous stretch of Sahyadri could be crossed only through gaps or passes called Ghats. The Konkan railway along the west coast has facilitated movement of passengers and goods in this important economic region, though it has faced problems such as sinking of track in some stretches and landslides. The Indian Railway network runs on multiple gauge operations extending over 67,956 km.

• Broad Gauge (1.676 m): 63,950 km
• Metre Gauge (1.000 m): 2,402 km
• Narrow Gauge (0.762 m and 0.610 m): 1,604 km
• Total route length67,956 km

Pipeline transport network is a new arrival on the transportation map of India. In the past, pipelines were used to transport water to cities and industries. Now they are used for transporting crude oil, petroleum products and natural gas from oil and natural gas fields to refineries, fertilizer factories and big thermal power plants. Solids can also be transported through a pipeline when converted into slurry. The far inland locations of refineries like Barauni, Mathura and Panipat, and gas-based fertilizer plants, could be thought of only because of pipelines. The initial cost of laying pipelines is high, but subsequent running costs are minimal. Pipelines rule out trans-shipment losses or delays. There are three important networks of pipeline transportation in the country: from oil fields in upper Assam to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and Prayagraj; from Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat; and the Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur (HVJ) cross-country gas pipeline. India's gas pipeline infrastructure has expanded from 1,700 km to 18,500 km of cross-country pipelines.

• Assam-Kanpur pipelinefrom oil field in upper Assam to Kanpur via Guwahati, Barauni and Prayagraj; branches from Barauni to Haldia and Guwahati to Siliguri
• Salaya-Jalandhar pipelinefrom Salaya in Gujarat to Jalandhar in Punjab via Viramgam, Mathura, Delhi and Sonipat
• HVJ pipelinefirst 1,700 km long Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur cross-country gas pipeline linking Mumbai High and Bassein gas fields with fertilizer, power and industrial complexes

India was one of the seafaring countries since the ancient period. Its seamen sailed far and near, carrying and spreading Indian commerce and culture. Waterways are the cheapest means of transport and are most suitable for carrying heavy and bulky goods. They are a fuel-efficient and environment friendly mode of transport. India has inland navigation waterways of 14,500 km in length. To create a wide waterways network and promote inland water transport as an economical and environment friendly supplementary mode to rail and road, 111 inland waterways (including 5 National Waterways declared earlier) were declared as National Waterways by the National Waterways Act, 2016. The five National Waterways are: Ganga between Prayagraj and Haldia (1620 km) - NW No.1; Brahmaputra between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km) - NW No.2; West-Coast Canal in Kerala (205 km) - NW No.3; specified stretches of Godavari and Krishna rivers along with Kakinada-Puducherry stretch of canals (1078 km) - NW No.4; and specified stretches of river Brahmani along with Matai river, delta channels of Mahanadi and Brahmani rivers and East Coast Canal (588 km) - NW No.5. Some other inland waterways where substantial transportation takes place are Mandavi, Zuari and Cumberjua, Sunderbans, Barak and backwaters of Kerala.

• NW No.1: Ganga between Prayagraj and Haldia (1620 km)
• NW No.2: Brahmaputra between Sadiya and Dhubri (891 km)
• NW No.3: West-Coast Canal in Kerala (205 km)
• NW No.4: Godavari-Krishna rivers and Kakinada-Puducherry canals (1078 km)
• NW No.5: Brahmani-Matai rivers, Mahanadi-Brahmani delta channels and East Coast Canal (588 km)

India has a long coastline of 11,098.81 km and is dotted with 12 major and 200 notified non-major (minor/intermediate) ports. These major ports handle 95 per cent of India's foreign trade. About 95 per cent of the country's trade volume (68 per cent in terms of value) is moved by sea. Deendayal Port (Kandla) in Kuchchh was the first port developed soon after Independence to ease the volume of trade on the Mumbai port, in the wake of the loss of Karachi port to Pakistan after the Partition. It is a tidal port and caters to the convenient handling of exports and imports of a highly productive granary and industrial belt stretching across the UT of Jammu and Kashmir and the states of Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Gujarat. Mumbai is the biggest port with a spacious natural and well-sheltered harbour. The Jawaharlal Nehru port was planned to decongest the Mumbai port and serve as a hub port for this region. Mormugao port (Goa) is the premier iron ore exporting port of the country, accounting for about fifty per cent of India's iron ore export. New Mangalore port in Karnataka caters to the export of iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines. Cochin is the extreme south-western port, located at the entrance of a lagoon with a natural harbour. Moving along the east coast, V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin) in Tamil Nadu is the extreme south-eastern port, with a natural harbour and rich hinterland, handling trade with Sri Lanka, Maldives and coastal regions. Chennai is one of the oldest artificial ports and is ranked next to Mumbai in terms of volume of trade and cargo. Vishakhapatnam is the deepest landlocked and well-protected port, originally conceived as an outlet for iron ore exports. Paradwip port in Odisha specialises in the export of iron ore. Shyama Prasad Mookerjee, Kolkata is an inland riverine port serving the Ganga-Brahmaputra basin; being a tidal port, it requires constant dredging of the Hoogly. Haldia port was developed as a subsidiary port to relieve growing pressure on the Kolkata port.

• Deendayal Port (Kandla)first port developed after Independence; tidal port
• Mumbaibiggest port with natural, well-sheltered harbour; Jawaharlal Nehru port planned to decongest it
• Mormugao (Goa)premier iron ore exporting port; about 50% of India's iron ore export
• New Mangaloreexports iron ore concentrates from Kudremukh mines
• Cochinextreme south-western port, at entrance of a lagoon
• V.O. Chidambaranar (Tuticorin): extreme south-eastern port; natural harbour and rich hinterland
• Chennaioldest artificial port; ranked next to Mumbai in trade volume
• Vishakhapatnamdeepest landlocked and well-protected port; outlet for iron ore exports

Air travel is today the fastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport. It can cover very difficult terrains like high mountains, dreary deserts, dense forests and long oceanic stretches with great ease. In the north-eastern part of India, marked by big rivers, dissected relief, dense forests, frequent floods and international frontiers, air travel has made access easier. Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd. provides helicopter services to the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation in its off-shore operations, and to inaccessible areas and difficult terrains like the north-eastern states and the interior parts of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik) is a first-of-its-kind scheme globally, designed to jump-start the regional aviation market. The Regional Connectivity Scheme (RCS) - UDAN was conceived by the Ministry of Civil Aviation (MoCA), Government of India, to promote regional connectivity by making flying affordable for the common citizen. The central idea is to encourage airlines to operate flights on regional and remote routes through enabling policies and extending incentives.

• Air travelfastest, most comfortable and prestigious mode of transport
• Pawanhans Helicopters Ltd.: provides helicopter services to ONGC and to inaccessible areas
• UDANUde Desh ka Aam Nagrik, a regional connectivity scheme by MoCA to make flying affordable

Ever since humans appeared on earth, they have used different means of communication. Long distance communication is far easier without physical movement of the communicator or receiver. Personal communication and mass communication including television, radio, press, films, etc. are the major means of communication in the country. The Indian postal network is the largest in the world. It handles parcels as well as personal written communications. Cards and envelopes are considered first-class mail and are airlifted between stations covering both land and air. Second-class mail includes book packets, registered newspapers and periodicals, carried by surface mail covering land and water transport. To facilitate quick delivery of mails in large towns and cities, six mail channels have been introduced: Rajdhani Channel, Metro Channel, Green Channel, Business Channel, Bulk Mail Channel and Periodical Channel. India has one of the largest telecom networks in Asia. Excluding urban places, more than two-thirds of the villages in India have already been covered with Subscriber Trunk Dialling (STD) telephone facility. The government has made special provision to extend twenty-four hours STD facility to every village in the country, with a uniform rate of STD facilities all over India. This has been made possible by integrating the development in space technology with communication technology. Mass communication provides entertainment and creates awareness among people about various national programmes and policies. It includes radio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films. All India Radio (Akashwani) broadcasts a variety of programmes in national, regional and local languages. Doordarshan, the national television channel of India, is one of the largest terrestrial networks in the world. India publishes a large number of newspapers and periodicals annually, in about 100 languages and dialects. The largest number of newspapers published in the country are in Hindi, followed by English and Urdu. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. The Central Board of Film Certification is the authority to certify both Indian and foreign films. Digital India is an umbrella programme to prepare India for a knowledge-based transformation, with the focus on being transformative to realise IT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT (India Tomorrow).

• First-class mailcards and envelopes, airlifted between stations
• Second-class mailbook packets, registered newspapers and periodicals, carried by surface mail
• Six mail channelsRajdhani, Metro, Green, Business, Bulk Mail and Periodical
• STDSubscriber Trunk Dialling; uniform rate all over India
• Mass communicationradio, television, newspapers, magazines, books and films
• Digital IndiaIT (Indian Talent) + IT (Information Technology) = IT (India Tomorrow)

The exchange of goods among people, states and countries is referred to as trade. The market is the place where such exchanges take place. Trade between two countries is called international trade. It may take place through sea, air or land routes. While local trade is carried in cities, towns and villages, state level trade is carried between two or more states. Advancement of international trade of a country is an index to its economic prosperity. It is, therefore, considered the economic barometer for a country. As resources are space bound, no country can survive without international trade. Export and import are the components of trade. The balance of trade of a country is the difference between its export and import. When the value of export exceeds the value of imports, it is called a favourable balance of trade. On the contrary, if the value of imports exceeds the value of exports, it is termed as unfavourable balance of trade. India has trade relations with all the major trading blocks and all geographical regions of the world. The commodities exported from India include gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, agriculture and allied products, etc. The commodities imported to India include petroleum crude and products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, base metals, electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied products. India has emerged as a software giant at the international level and earns large foreign exchange through the export of information technology.

• Tradeexchange of goods among people, states and countries
• International tradetrade between two countries
• Balance of trade = value of exports - value of imports
• Favourable balance of tradeexports exceed imports
• Unfavourable balance of tradeimports exceed exports
• India's exportsgems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, agriculture and allied products
• India's importspetroleum crude and products, gems and jewellery, chemicals and related products, base metals, electronic items, machinery, agriculture and allied products

Tourism in India has grown remarkably over the past two decades, with government initiatives, infrastructure development and global branding contributing to this success. Foreign tourists visit India for heritage tourism, eco tourism, adventure tourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism and business tourism. There is a vast potential for development of tourism in all parts of the country, and efforts are being made to promote different types of tourism for this upcoming industry. To boost tourism in India, schemes like Swadesh Darshan 2.0, Vibrant Village Programme, PRASHAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual Heritage Augmentation Drive) and Paryatan Mitra have been started. Tourism also promotes national integration, provides support to local handicrafts and cultural pursuits, and helps in the development of international understanding about our culture and heritage.

• Types of tourismheritage, eco, adventure, cultural, medical and business tourism
• SchemesSwadesh Darshan 2.0, Vibrant Village Programme, PRASHAD, Paryatan Mitra
• Tourism promotes national integration and supports local handicrafts and cultural pursuits